Project:VideoWiki/Cancer
Definition[change]
Cancer, is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth, with the potential to invade or spread, to other parts of the body.[1][2] Cancer are different than benign tumors, which do not spread.[2]
Symptoms[change]
Possible signs and symptoms include, a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements.[3]
Symptoms - Other reasons[change]
While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes.[3] Over 100 types of cancers, affect humans.[2]
Causes[change]
Tobacco use, is the cause of about 22% of all cancer deaths.[1]
Other Causes 1[change]
Another 10% are, due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, or excessive drinking of alcohol.[1][4][5]
Other Causes 2[change]
Other factors include, certain infections, and exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants.[6]
Infectious Causes[change]
In the developing world, 15% of cancers are due to infections such as, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus infection, Epstein–Barr virus, and [[HIV].[1]
Genetic causes[change]
Approximately 5–10% of cancers, are due to inherited genetic defects, from a person's parents.[7]
Diagnosis[change]
When cancer is suspected because of signs and symptoms, or screening tests, [1] it will be further investigated by medical imaging, and confirmed by biopsy.[8]
Prevention[change]
Many cancers, can be prevented by not smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight.[9]
Other Preventative Measures[change]
Limiting alcohol use, eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, as well as avoiding red meat, and excessive sunlight, all lower the risk of cancer.[9][10]
Vaccination[change]
Vaccination against certain infectious diseases, such as, the human papilloma virus, decreases the risk of cancer.[11]
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Screening[change]
Early detection through screening, is useful for cervical, and colorectal cancer.[12]
Screening 2[change]
The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial.[12][13]
Treatment[change]
Cancer, is usually treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy.[1][14]
Pain Management[change]
Pain, and symptom management are an important part of care.[1]
Survival[change]
The chance of survival, depends on the type of cancer, and extent of disease at the start of treatment.[15]
Epidemiology[change]
Females[change]
In females, the most common types are, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer.[15]
Males[change]
The most common types of cancer in males are, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and stomach cancer.[16]
Children[change]
In children, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and brain tumors are most common, except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often.[17]
References[change]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Cancer". World Health Organization. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Cancer – Signs and symptoms". NHS Choices. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- ↑ "Obesity and Cancer Risk". National Cancer Institute. 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ↑ Jayasekara H, MacInnis RJ, Room R, English DR (May 2016). "Long-Term Alcohol Consumption and Breast, Upper Aero-Digestive Tract and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 51 (3): 315–30. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agv110. PMID 26400678.
- ↑ Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, Sung B, Aggarwal BB (September 2008). "Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes". Pharmaceutical Research. 25 (9): 2097–116. doi:10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9. PMC 2515569. PMID 18626751.
- ↑ "Heredity and Cancer". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ↑ "How is cancer diagnosed?". American Cancer Society. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Bandera EV, Gapstur S, Patel AV, Andrews K, Gansler T (2012). "American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity". CA Cancer J Clin. 62 (1): 30–67. doi:10.3322/caac.20140. PMID 22237782.
- ↑ Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (December 2011). "16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010". British Journal of Cancer. 105 Suppl 2: S77–81. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.489. PMC 3252065. PMID 22158327.
- ↑ Ljubojevic S, Skerlev M (2014). "HPV-associated diseases". Clinics in Dermatology. 32 (2): 227–34. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.007. PMID 24559558.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 4.7. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017.
- ↑ Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ (June 2013). "Screening for breast cancer with mammography". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6): CD001877. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5. PMID 23737396.
- ↑ National Cancer Institute (26 February 2018). "Targeted Cancer Therapies". www.cancer.gov. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.1. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017.
- ↑ World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.1. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9.
- ↑ World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.3. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017.