Japanese era name
(Redirected from Japanese era names)
The Lua error in Module:Nihongo at line 88: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value)., also known as gengō (元号), is a traditional calendar system which began during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku in the 7th century. This calendar has been in use in Japan since the beginning of the 8th century.[1]
The historical Japanese calendar system defines and parses time in terms of ordinal numbers.
Usage[change]
Each new Lua error in Module:Nihongo at line 88: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value). was usually started soon after the beginning of the reign of a new emperor. Era names were also changed due to other events.[2] Starting in the reign of Emperor Yōzei, the tradition of naming eras because of good omens changed. Instead, the name of an era might be chosen to ward off something bad.[3]
The first day of the Lua error in Module:Nihongo at line 88: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value). started whenever the emperor decided. This first year continued until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year.[4]
To change a Japanese year to a Western or Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the nengō (see list below). When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the Shōwa period (Shōwa 23) was 1948:
- ILLUSTRATION: 1926 − 1 = 1925 ..., and then 1925 + 23 = 1948 ... or Shōwa 23.
| CONVERSION TABLE: Gregorian calendar years / nengō | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | Kanji | Romanization | Meaning | Notes | |
| Asuka period | |||||
| 645 | 大化 | Taika | "Great Reform"[5] | Emperor Kōtoku, 645-654.[6] Also known as "Great Development"[7] | |
| 650 | 白雉 | Hakuchi | "White Pheasant"[8] | ||
| 654 | Naming of eras temporarily discontinued from 654-686 | ||||
| 686 | 朱鳥 | Shuchō | "Red bird of the south"[9] | also Suchō, Akamitori or Akamidori; Emperor Temmu, 672-686.[10] | |
| 686 | Naming of eras temporarily discontinued from 686-701 | ||||
| 701 | 大宝 | Taihō | "Great Law"[5] or "Great Treasure"[11] | also Daihō; Emperor Mommu, 697-707.[12] | |
| 704 | 慶雲 | Keiun | - | also Kyōun; Empress Gemmei, 707-715.[13] | |
| 708 | 和銅 | Wadō | "Japanese Copper"[14] | ||
| Nara period | |||||
| 715 | 霊亀 | Reiki | - | Empress Genshō, 715-724.[15] | |
| 717 | 養老 | Yōrō | - | ||
| 724 | 神亀 | Jinki | "Sacred Tortoise"[3] | also Shinki; Emperor Shōmu, 724-749.[16] | |
| 729 | 天平 | Tenpyō | "Heavenly Peace"[17] | also Tenbyō or Tenhei | |
| 749 | 天平感宝 | Tenpyō-kanpō | "Gratitude for Treasure"[18] | also Tenbyō-kanpō | |
| 749 | 天平勝宝 | Tenpyō-shōhō | "Heavenly Peace and Victorious Buddhism"[19] | also Tenbyō-shōbō or Tenpei-shōhō; Empress Kōken, 749-758.[20] | |
| 757 | 天平宝字 | Tenpyō-hōji | "Lucky Inscription"[21] | also Tenbyō-hōji or Tenpei-hōji; Emperor Junnin, 758-764;[22] Empress Shōtoku, 764-770.[23] | |
| 765 | 天平神護 | Tenpyō-jingo | "Divine Protection"[24] | also Tenbyō-jingo or Tenhei-jingo | |
| 767 | 神護景雲 | Jingo-keiun | "Divine Merit"[25] | ||
| 770 | 宝亀 | Hōki | - | Emperor Kōnin, 770-781.[26] | |
| 781 | 天応 | Ten'ō | - | Emperor Kammu, 781-806.[27] | |
| 782 | 延暦 | Enryaku | "Prolonged Succession"[28] | ||
| Heian period | |||||
| 806 | 大同 | Daidō | - | Emperor Heizei, 806-809;[29] Emperor Saga, 809-823.[30] | |
| 810 | 弘仁 | Kōnin | - | Emperor Junna, 823-833.[31] | |
| 824 | 天長 | Tenchō | - | Emperor Ninmyō, 833-850.[32] | |
| 834 | 承和 | Jōwa | "Flourishing Treasure"[33] | also Shōwa or Sōwa | |
| 848 | 嘉祥 | Kashō | "Good Augury"[34] | also Kajō; Emperor Montoku, 850-858.[35] | |
| 851 | 仁寿 | Ninju | - | ||
| 854 | 斉衡 | Saikō | - | ||
| 857 | 天安 | Ten'an | - | also Tennan; Emperor Seiwa, 858-876.[36] | |
| 859 | 貞観 | Jōgan | - | Emperor Yōzei, 876-884.[37] | |
| 877 | 元慶 | Gangyō | - | also Gankyō or Genkei; Emperor Kōkō, 884-887.[38] | |
| 885 | 仁和 | Ninna | - | also Ninwa; Emperor Uda, 887-897.[39] | |
| 889 | 寛平 | Kanpyō | "Liberal Peace"[40] | also Kanpei or Kanbyō or Kanbei or Kanhei; Emperor Daigo, 887-930.[41] | |
| 898 | 昌泰 | Shōtai | - | ||
| 901 | 延喜 | Engi | - | ||
| 923 | 延長 | Enchō | - | Emperor Suzaku, 930-946.[42] | |
| 931 | 承平 | Jōhei | - | also Shōhei | |
| 938 | 天慶 | Tengyō | "Heavenly Felicitation"[43] | also Tenkei or Tenkyō; Emperor Murakami, 946-967.[44] | |
| 947 | 天暦 | Tenryaku | - | also Tenreki | |
| 957 | 天徳 | Tentoku | - | ||
| 961 | 応和 | Ōwa | - | ||
| 964 | 康保 | Kōhō | - | Emperor Reizei, 967-969.[45] | |
| 968 | 安和 | Anna | - | also Anwa; Emperor En'yū, 969-984.[46] | |
| 970 | 天禄 | Tenroku | - | ||
| 973 | 天延 | Ten'en | - | ||
| 976 | 貞元 | Jōgen | - | also Teigen | |
| 978 | 天元 | Tengen | |||
| 983 | 永観 | Eikan | - | also Yōkan; Emperor Kazan, 984-986.[47] | |
| 985 | 寛和 | Kanna | - | also Kanwa; Emperor Ichijō, 986-1011.[48] | |
| 987 | 永延 | Eien | - | also Yōen | |
| 988 | 永祚 | Eiso | - | also Yōso | |
| 990 | 正暦 | Shōryaku | - | also Jōryaku or Shōreki | |
| 995 | 長徳 | Chōtoku | - | ||
| 999 | 長保 | Chōhō | - | ||
| 1004 | 寛弘 | Kankō | - | Emperor Sanjō, 1011–1016.[49] | |
| 1012 | 長和 | Chōwa | - | Emperor Go-Ichijō, 1016–1036.[50] | |
| 1017 | 寛仁 | Kannin | - | ||
| 1021 | 治安 | Jian | - | also Chian | |
| 1024 | 万寿 | Manju | - | ||
| 1028 | 長元 | Chōgen | - | Emperor Go-Suzaku, 1036–1045.[51] | |
| 1037 | 長暦 | Chōryaku | - | also Chōreki | |
| 1040 | 長久 | Chōkyū | - | ||
| 1044 | 寛徳 | Kantoku | - | Emperor Go-Reizei, 1045–1068.[52] | |
| 1046 | 永承 | Eishō | - | also Eijō or Yōjō | |
| 1053 | 天喜 | Tengi | - | also Tenki | |
| 1058 | 康平 | Kōhei | - | ||
| 1065 | 治暦 | Jiryaku | - | also Chiryaku | |
| 1069 | 延久 | Enkyū | - | Emperor Go-Sanjō, 1068–1073.[53] | |
| 1074 | 承保 | Jōhō | - | also Shōhō or Shōho; Emperor Shirakawa, 1073–1086.[54] | |
| 1077 | 承暦 | Jōryaku | - | also Shōryaku or Shōreki | |
| 1081 | 永保 | Eihō | - | also Yōhō | |
| 1084 | 応徳 | Ōtoku | - | ||
| 1087 | 寛治 | Kanji | - | Emperor Horikawa, 1087–1107.[55] | |
| 1094 | 嘉保 | Kahō | - | ||
| 1096 | 永長 | Eichō | - | also Yōchō | |
| 1097 | 承徳 | Jōtoku | - | also Shōtoku | |
| 1099 | 康和 | Kōwa | - | ||
| 1104 | 長治 | Chōji | - | ||
| 1106 | 嘉承 | Kashō | - | also Kajō or Kasō; Emperor Toba, 1107–1123.[56] | |
| 1108 | 天仁 | Tennin | - | ||
| 1110 | 天永 | Ten'ei | - | also Ten'yō | |
| 1113 | 永久 | Eikyū | - | also Yōkyū | |
| 1118 | 元永 | Gen'ei | - | ||
| 1120 | 保安 | Hōan | - | Emperor Sutoku, 1123–1142.[57] | |
| 1124 | 天治 | Tenji | - | also Tenchi | |
| 1126 | 大治 | Daiji | - | also Taiji | |
| 1131 | 天承 | Tenshō | - | also Tenjō | |
| 1132 | 長承 | Chōshō | - | also Chōjō | |
| 1135 | 保延 | Hōen | - | ||
| 1141 | 永治 | Eiji | - | ||
| 1142 | 康治 | Kōji | - | Emperor Konoe, 1142–1155.[58] | |
| 1144 | 天養 | Ten'yō | - | also Tennyō | |
| 1145 | 久安 | Kyūan | - | ||
| 1151 | 仁平 | Ninpei | - | also Ninpyō or Ninbyō or Ninhyō or Ninhei | |
| 1154 | 久寿 | Kyūju | - | Emperor Go-Shirakawa, 1155–1158.[59] | |
| 1156 | 保元 | Hōgen | - | also Hogen; Emperor Nijō, 1158–1165.[60] | |
| 1159 | 平治 | Heiji | - | also Byōji | |
| 1160 | 永暦 | Eiryaku | "Everlasting Happiness"[61] | also Yōryaku | |
| 1161 | 応保 | Ōhō | - | ||
| 1163 | 長寛 | Chōkan | - | also Chōgan | |
| 1165 | 永万 | Eiman | - | also Yōman; Emperor Rokujō, 1165–1168.[62] | |
| 1166 | 仁安 | Nin'an | - | also Ninnan; Emperor Takakura, 1168–1180.[62] | |
| 1169 | 嘉応 | Kaō | - | ||
| 1171 | 承安 | Jōan | - | also Shōan | |
| 1175 | 安元 | Angen | - | ||
| 1177 | 治承 | Jishō | - | also Jijō or Chishō; Emperor Antoku, 1180–1185.[63] | |
| 1181 | 養和 | Yōwa | - | ||
| 1182 | 寿永 | Juei | - | Emperor Go-Toba, 1183–1198.[64] | |
| 1184 | 元暦 | Genryaku | - | ||
| 1185 | 文治 | Bunji | - | also Monchi | |
| 1190 | 建久 | Kenkyū | - | Emperor Tsuchimikado, 1198–1210.[65] | |
| Kamakura period | |||||
| 1199 | 正治 | Shōji | - | ||
| 1201 | 建仁 | Kennin | - | ||
| 1204 | 元久 | Genkyū | - | ||
| 1206 | 建永 | Ken'ei | - | also Ken'yō | |
| 1207 | 承元 | Jōgen | - | also Shōgen; Emperor Juntoku, 1210–1221.[66] | |
| 1211 | 建暦 | Kenryaku | - | ||
| 1213 | 建保 | Kenpō | - | also Kenhō | |
| 1219 | 承久 | Jōkyū | - | also Shōkyū; Emperor Chūkyō, 1221;.[67] Emperor Go-Horikawa, 1221–1232.[68] | |
| 1222 | 貞応 | Jōō | - | also Teiō | |
| 1224 | 元仁 | Gennin | - | ||
| 1225 | 嘉禄 | Karoku | - | ||
| 1227 | 安貞 | Antei | - | also Anjō | |
| 1229 | 寛喜 | Kangi | - | also Kanki | |
| 1232 | 貞永 | Jōei | - | also Teiei; Emperor Shijō, 1232–1242.[69] | |
| 1233 | 天福 | Tenpuku | - | also Tenfuku | |
| 1234 | 文暦 | Bunryaku | - | also Monryaku or Monreki | |
| 1235 | 嘉禎 | Katei | - | ||
| 1238 | 暦仁 | Ryakunin | - | also Rekinin | |
| 1239 | 延応 | En'ō | - | also Ennō | |
| 1240 | 仁治 | Ninji | - | also Ninchi; Emperor Go-Saga, 1242–1246.[70] | |
| 1243 | 寛元 | Kangen | - | Emperor Go-Fukakusa, 1246–1260.[71] | |
| 1247 | 宝治 | Hōji | - | ||
| 1249 | 建長 | Kenchō | - | ||
| 1256 | 康元 | Kōgen | - | Emperor Kameyama, 1260–1274.[72] | |
| 1257 | 正嘉 | Shōka | - | ||
| 1259 | 正元 | Shōgen | - | ||
| 1260 | 文応 | Bun'ō | - | also Bunnō | |
| 1261 | 弘長 | Kōchō | - | ||
| 1264 | 文永 | Bun'ei | - | Emperor Go-Uda, 1274–1287.[73] | |
| 1275 | 建治 | Kenji | - | ||
| 1278 | 弘安 | Kōan | ... | Emperor Fushimi, 1287–1298.[74] | |
| 1288 | 正応 | Shōō | - | also Shō-ō | |
| 1293 | 永仁 | Einin | - | Emperor Go-Fushimi, 1298–1301.[75] | |
| 1299 | 正安 | Shōan | - | Emperor Go-Nijō, 1301–1308.[76] | |
| 1302 | 乾元 | Kengen | - | ||
| 1303 | 嘉元 | Kagen | ... | ||
| 1306 | 徳治 | Tokuji | - | ||
| 1308 | 延慶 | Enkyō | "Becoming Prolonged"[77] | also Engyō or Enkei; Emperor Hanazono, 1308–1318.[78] | |
| 1311 | 応長 | Ōchō | - | ||
| 1312 | 正和 | Shōwa | - | ||
| 1317 | 文保 | Bunpō | - | also Bunhō; Emperor Go-Daigo, 1318–1339.[79] | |
| 1319 | 元応 | Gen'ō | - | also Gennō | |
| 1321 | 元亨 | Genkyō | - | ||
| 1324 | 正中 | Shōchū | - | ||
| 1326 | 嘉暦 | Karyaku | - | ||
| 1329 | 元徳 | Gentoku | - | ||
| 1331 | 元弘 | Genkō | - | ||
| 1334 | 建武 | Kenmu | - | also Kenbu | |
| Nanboku-chō period | |||||
| *Nanboku-chō Southern Court | |||||
| 1336 | 延元 | Engen | ... | ||
| 1340 | 興国 | Kōkoku | ... | ||
| 1346 | 正平 | Shōhei | ... | ||
| 1370 | 建徳 | Kentoku | ... | ||
| 1372 | 文中 | Bunchū | ... | ||
| 1375 | 天授 | Tenju | ... | ||
| 1381 | 弘和 | Kōwa | ... | ||
| 1384 | 元中 | Genchū | ... | Genchū 9 becomes Meitoku 3 in post Nanboku-chō reunification | |
| *Nanboku-chō Northern Court | |||||
| 1332 | 正慶 | Shōkyō | ... | also Shōkei | |
| 1333 | Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336; no era names apply from 1333 to 1338. | ||||
| 1338 | 暦応 | Ryakuō | ... | also Rekiō | |
| 1342 | 康永 | Kōei | ... | ||
| 1345 | 貞和 | Jōwa | ... | also Teiwa | |
| 1350 | 観応 | Kannō | ... | also Kan'ō | |
| 1352 | 文和 | Bunna | ... | also Bunwa | |
| 1356 | 延文 | Enbun | ... | ||
| 1361 | 康安 | Kōan | ... | ||
| 1362 | 貞治 | Jōji | ... | also Teiji | |
| 1368 | 応安 | Ōan | ... | ||
| 1375 | 永和 | Eiwa | ... | ||
| 1379 | 康暦 | Kōryaku | ... | ||
| 1381 | 永徳 | Eitoku | ... | ||
| 1384 | 至徳 | Shitoku | ... | also Meitoku | |
| 1387 | 嘉慶 | Kakei | ... | also Kakyō | |
| 1389 | 康応 | Kōō | ... | ||
| 1390 | 明徳 | Meitoku | - | Meitoku 3 replaces Genchū 9 in post-Nanboku-chō reunification | |
| Muromachi period | |||||
| 1394 | 応永 | Ōei | ... | Emperor Shōkō, 1412–1428.[80] | |
| 1428 | 正長 | Shōchō | ... | Emperor Go-Hanazono, 1428–1464.[81] | |
| 1429 | 永享 | Eikyō | ... | also Eikō | |
| 1441 | 嘉吉 | Kakitsu | ... | also Kakichi | |
| 1444 | 文安 | Bun'an | ... | also Bunnan | |
| 1449 | 宝徳 | Hōtoku | ... | ||
| 1452 | 享徳 | Kyōtoku | ... | ||
| 1455 | 康正 | Kōshō | ... | ||
| 1457 | 長禄 | Chōroku | ... | ||
| 1460 | 寛正 | Kanshō | ... | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, 1464–1500.[82] | |
| 1466 | 文正 | Bunshō | ... | also Monshō | |
| 1467 | 応仁 | Ōnin | ... | ||
| 1469 | 文明 | Bunmei | ... | ||
| 1487 | 長享 | Chōkyō | ... | ||
| 1489 | 延徳 | Entoku | ... | ||
| 1492 | 明応 | Meiō | ... | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara, 1500–1526.[83] | |
| 1501 | 文亀 | Bunki | ... | ||
| 1504 | 永正 | Eishō | ... | ||
| 1521 | 大永 | Daiei | ... | Emperor Go-Nara, 1526–1557.[84] | |
| 1528 | 享禄 | Kyōroku | - | ||
| 1532 | 天文 | Tenbun | - | also Tenmon | |
| 1555 | 弘治 | Kōji | - | Emperor Ōgimachi, 1557–1586.[85] | |
| 1558 | 永禄 | Eiroku | - | ||
| 1570 | 元亀 | Genki | - | ||
| 1573 | 天正 | Tenshō | "Heavenly Virtue"[86] | Emperor Go-Yōzei, 1586–1611.[87] | |
| 1592 | 文禄 | Bunroku | "Enlightened Benevolence"[86] | ||
| 1596 | 慶長 | Keichō | "Eternal Jubilance"[86] | also Kyōchō; Emperor Go-Mizunoo, 1611–1629.[88] | |
| Edo period | |||||
| 1615 | 元和 | Genna | "Commencement of Concord"[11] | also Genwa | |
| 1624 | 寛永 | Kan'ei | "Permanent Liberality"[89] | Empress Meishō, 1629–1643;[90] Emperor Go-Kōmyō, 1643–1654.[91] | |
| 1644 | 正保 | Shōhō | - | - | |
| 1648 | 慶安 | Keian | also Kyōan | ||
| 1652 | 承応 | Jōō | - | also Shōō; Emperor Go-Sai, 1655–1663.[92] | |
| 1655 | 明暦 | Meireki | - | also Myōryaku or Meiryaku | |
| 1658 | 万治 | Manji | - | - | |
| 1661 | 寛文 | Kanbun | - | Emperor Reigen, 1663–1687.[93] | |
| 1673 | 延宝 | Enpō | - | also Enhō | |
| 1681 | 天和 | Tenna | "Peace of Heaven"[94] | also Tenwa | |
| 1684 | 貞享 | Jōkyō | - | Emperor Higashiyama, 1687–1709.[95] | |
| 1688 | 元禄 | Genroku | "Origin of Good Fortune"[94] | - | |
| 1704 | 宝永 | Hōei | - | Emperor Nakamikado, 1709–1735.[96] | |
| 1711 | 正徳 | Shōtoku | "Correct Virtue"[97] | Emperor Go-Momozono, 1771–1779.[98] | - |
| 1716 | 享保 | Kyōhō | - | Emperor Sakuramachi, 1735–1747.[99] | |
| 1736 | 元文 | Genbun | - | - | |
| 1741 | 寛保 | Kanpō | - | also Kanhō | |
| 1744 | 延享 | Enkyō | - | Emperor Momozono, 1747–1762.[100] | |
| 1748 | 寛延 | Kan'en | - | - | |
| 1751 | 宝暦 | Hōreki | "Valuable Calendar" or "Valuable Almanac"[4] | also Hōryaku; Empress Go-Sakuramachi, 1762–1771.[101] | |
| 1764 | 明和 | Meiwa | "Radiant Harmony"[102] | Emperor Go-Momozono, 1771–1779.[98] | |
| 1772 | 安永 | An'ei | "Eternal Tranquility"[103] | Emperor Kōkaku, 1780–1817.[104] | |
| 1781 | 天明 | Tenmei | "Heavenly Radiance"[105] | also a "popular expression meaning 'difficulty'"[105] | |
| 1789 | 寛政 | Kansei | "Lenient Government" [97] | from Sui Dynasty phrase, "When conducting government, do so with lenience"[106] | |
| 1801 | 享和 | Kyōwa | - | - | |
| 1804 | 文化 | Bunka | - | Emperor Ninkō, 1817–1846.[107] | |
| 1818 | 文政 | Bunsei | - | also Monsei | |
| 1830 | 天保 | Tenpō | "Heavenly Protection"[108] | also Tenhō; name links with Tenna and Kyōhō[109] | |
| 1844 | 弘化 | Kōka | - | Emperor Kōmei, 1846–1867. | |
| 1848 | 嘉永 | Kaei | "Celebration of Eternity"[110] or "Eternal Felicity"[111] | ||
| 1854 | 安政 | Ansei | "Tranquil Government"[111] | ||
| 1860 | 万延 | Man'en | "Ten Thousand Years Prolonged"[112] | ||
| 1861 | 文久 | Bunkyū | - | ||
| 1864 | 元治 | Genji | - | ||
| 1865 | 慶応 | Keiō | "Joyous Concord"[113] | ||
| Modern Japan | |||||
| 1868 | 明治 | Meiji | "Enlightened Rule"[114] | Emperor Meiji, 1868–1912. Also known as "Enlightened Government" or "Brilliant Rule"[113] | |
| 1912 | 大正 | Taishō | "Great Justice"[115] | Emperor Taishō, 1912–1926.[116] | |
| 1926 | 昭和 | Shōwa | "Brilliant Harmony"[114] | Emperor Shōwa, 1926–1989.[116] | |
| 1989 | 平成 | Heisei | "Achieving Peace"[114] | Akihito, 1989–2019.[116] | |
| 2019 | 令和 | Reiwa | "Culture is born and nurtured as people beautifully meet each other" | Naruhito, 2019-present [the reigning emperor].[116] | |
- Timeline of Japanese era names
Extended content
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Related pages[change]
References[change]
- ↑ Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, p.32.
- ↑ Kawada, Ikaku; Nakahama, Manjiro (2003). Drifting Toward the Southeast: The Story of Five Japanese Castaways : a Complete Translation of Hyoson Kiryaku (a Brief Account of Drifting Toward the Southeast) as Told to the Court of Lord Yamauchi of Tosa in 1852 by John Manjiro. Spinner Publications. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-932027-56-6.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bialock, David (2007). Eccentric Spaces, Hidden Histories: Narrative, Ritual, and Royal Authority from The Chronicles of Japan to The Tale of the Heike. Stanford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8047-6764-4.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869, p. 321.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Beasley, William G. (2000). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. University of California Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-520-22560-2.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 47–50.
- ↑ Lane-Poole, Stanley; Dickins, Frederick Victor (1894). The Life of Sir Harry Parkes: Minister plenipotentiary to Japan. by F.V. Dickens. Minister plenipotentiary to China by S. Lane-Poole. Macmillian and Company. p. 461.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 49.
- ↑ Bender, Ross. (2009). "The Suppresion of the Tachibana Naramaro Conspiracy," Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 37/2:224; compare mirrored full-text Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 2012-10-23.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 268–269.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Munro, Neil Gordon (1904). Coins of Japan. Box of curios printing and publishing Company. p. 63.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 270–271.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 271.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 63.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 271–272.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 272–273.
- ↑ Bedini, Silvio A. (1994). The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-521-37482-8.
- ↑ Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century. Columbia University Press. 1999. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-231-11441-7.
- ↑ Bowman, John Stewart (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 274–275.
- ↑ David, Sir Percival (1932). The Shoso-in. Printed by the Eastern press, ltd. p. 32.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 275.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 276.
- ↑ Munro, Neil Gordon (1904). Coins of Japan. Box of curios printing and publishing Company. p. 46.
- ↑ Munro, Neil Gordon (1904). Coins of Japan. Box of curios printing and publishing Company. p. 45.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 276–277.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 277–279.
- ↑ Bock, Felicia Gressitt (1985). Classical learning and taoist practices in early Japan: with a translation of Books XVI and XX of the Engi-shiki. Center for Asian Studies, Arizona State University. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-939252-13-8.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 279–280.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 280–282.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 282–283.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 283–284.
- ↑ Munro, Neil Gordon (1904). Coins of Japan. Box of curios printing and publishing Company. p. 63.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 111.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 285–286.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 286–288.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 288–289.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 289.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 289–290.
- ↑ Munro, Neil Gordon (1904). Coins of Japan. Box of curios printing and publishing Company. p. 71.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 290–293.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 294–295.
- ↑ A Tale of Flowering Fortunes: Annals of Japanese Aristocratic Life in the Heian Period. Stanford University Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0-8047-1039-8.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 295–298.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 298.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 299–300.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 300–302.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 302–307.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 307.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 307–310.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 310–311.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 311–314.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 314–315.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 315–317.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 317–320.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 320–322.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 322–324.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 324–326.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 326–327.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 327–329.
- ↑ Munro, Neil Gordon (1904). Coins of Japan. Box of curios printing and publishing Company. p. 92.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 194.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 333–334.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 334–339.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 339–341.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 341–343.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 343–344.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 344–349.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 227.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 228–231.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 231–232.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 232–233.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 233–237.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 237–238.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 238–239.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 239.
- ↑ Greenwood, Ned (2011). Hachiman Taro: Firstborn of the God of War. Tate Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-61777-532-1.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 239–241.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 241–269.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 327.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 331.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 352.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 364.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 372.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 382.
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Watsky, Andrew Mark (2004). Chikubushima: Deploying the Sacred Arts in Momoyama Japan. University of Washington Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-295-98327-1.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 402.
- ↑ Klaproth, Julius von (1834). Nipon o dai itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 410.
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- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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- ↑ 94.0 94.1 Jenkins, Donald. (1971). Ukiyo-e Prints and Paintings: the Primitive Period, 1680–1745, p. 21.
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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- ↑ 97.0 97.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Hall, John Whitney. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788, p. 7.
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- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Jansen, Marius B. (1995). The Emergence of Meiji Japan, p. 1.
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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- ↑ 113.0 113.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 116.3 GlobalSecurity.org, Japanese years; retrieved 2012-12-11.
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".